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Radio during the station's Spring Radiothon in 2013—direct community support is critical for such local media. Community radio is a service offering a third model of radio in addition to. Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest. They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local, specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters.

Community radio stations are operated, owned, and influenced by the communities they serve. They are generally and provide a mechanism for enabling individuals, groups, and communities to tell their own stories, to share experiences and, in a media-rich world, to become creators and contributors of media. In many parts of the world, community radio acts as a vehicle for the community and, agencies, NGOs and citizens to work in partnership to further aims, in addition to broadcasting. There is legally defined community radio (as a distinct broadcasting sector) in many countries, such as,. Much of the legislation has included phrases such as 'social benefit', 'social objectives' and 'social gain' as part of the definition. Community radio has developed differently in different countries, and the term has somewhat different meanings in the, the, and, where laws and de facto realities differ. Contents.

Vision, philosophy, and status Modern community radio stations serve their listeners by offering a variety of content that is not necessarily provided by the larger commercial radio stations. Community radio outlets may carry and information programming geared toward the local area (particularly or who are poorly served by major media outlets). Specialized musical shows are also often a feature of many community radio stations. Community and (in areas where they are tolerated) can be valuable assets for a region. Community radio stations typically avoid content found on commercial outlets such as music, sports and 'drive-time' personalities. A used by members of the movement is that community radio should be 10 percent radio and 90 percent community.

This means that community radio stations should focus on getting the community talking and not solely on radio (which is a technological process); the social concerns of community radio are stressed over radio per se. There is also a distinction drawn in contrast to mainstream stations, which are viewed as pandering to commercial concerns or the personalities of presenters. Conceptions of community in the literature Communities are complex entities, and what constitutes the 'community' in community radio is subject to debate which varies by country. 'Community' may be replaced by terms such as 'alternative', 'radical' or 'citizen' radio. In, a 'community' has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common location. Community radio has been built around the ideals of access and participation. Stations have been run by locals, typically to serve a local audience.

However, the internet's availability and popularity has encouraged many stations to and/or and audio and make it available globally. Models Two philosophical approaches to community radio exist, although the models are not mutually exclusive. One emphasizes service and community-mindedness, focusing on what the station can do for the community.

The other stresses involvement and participation by the listener. In the service model locality is valued; community radio, as a third tier, can provide content focused on a more local or particular community than a larger operation. Sometimes, though, providing syndicated content not already available within the station's service area is viewed as public service. Within the United States, for example, many stations syndicate content from groups such as (such as ) on the basis that it provides content not otherwise available (because of a program's lack of appeal to advertisers—in Pacifica's case, due to its politically controversial nature). In the access (or participatory) model, the participation of community members in producing content is viewed as a good in itself. While this model does not necessarily exclude a service approach, there is some disagreement between the two. By country Australia Community broadcasting is Australia’s third media sector, formally represented by the (CBAA).

In January 2012, there were 359 licensed community radio stations (including remote indigenous services). A 2002 report found that 20,000 Australians (or 0.1 percent of the population) were involved as volunteers in the community radio sector on a regular basis, and volunteers account for more than $145 million in unpaid work each year. Nationally, more than 7 million Australians (or 45 percent of people over 15) listen to community radio each month. The role of community broadcasting in Australia, according to CBAA, is to provide a diverse range of services meeting community needs in ways unmet by other sectors. Community broadcasting is sustained by the principles of access and participation, volunteerism, diversity, independence and locality. Community radio stations may be specialized music stations, represent local music and arts or broadcast talks and current-affairs programs representing alternative, indigenous Australian, environmental, feminist or gay and lesbian interests (filling perceived gaps in commercial or government radio content). 53 percent of community radio stations serve an array of communities of interest, including indigenous and ethnic groups, people with a, young people, older people, the arts/fine music, religious, and the gay and lesbian communities.

The remaining stations provide a service which may be described as: addressing the interests of communities in particular areas, but also addressing a range of specialized interests. Community broadcasting, more than any other form of media in Australia, shapes and reflects the national character in all its diversity.

The sector is unique in its capacity to provide fresh programming by and for indigenous, ethnic and RPH communities. Community broadcasting stations have a strong commitment to local news and information, the promotion of local and national music, arts and culture and providing training in media skills. When a not-for-profit community group applies to the regulating body (the ) for a community broadcasting licence, it specifies the community interest it intends to serve.

Licensees are selected by the regulator on the basis of suitability and on the merits of the licence application and the capacity to serve identified community interests. Upon grant of a five-year renewable licence each station is required to continue to serve the community interest for which the licence was granted. The Broadcast Services Act establishes the requirement to continue to represent the licensed community of interest and the requirement to encourage participation from the licensed community of interest in the provision and selection of programs as key conditions of the licence. Provisions for Temporary Community Radio Liceneces in the Act allow, where spectrum is available, for aspirant community groups to develop their facilities and financial and programming models before the regulator considers making a permanent licence available. See also: Community radio stations in often target commercially underserved minority-language communities such as,.

These stations are often volunteer-run and operated by or other corporations. In larger cities, community-oriented programming more commonly airs on stations, although some cities do have community radio stations as well. Most English-language community stations in Canada are members of the, or NCRA, while most of Canada's community radio stations are members of either l'Association des Radiodiffuseurs Communitaire du Quebec (ARCQ) or l’Alliance des radios communautaires du Canada inc (l'ARC). The province with the largest number of community radio stations in Canada is. The majority of those stations are affiliated with, an network. Community stations are subject to the 's (CRTC) community radio policy.

In this policy, the CRTC requires community stations to. facilitate community access to programming;.

promote the availability of training throughout the community; and. provide for the ongoing training and supervision of those within the community wishing to participate in programming. It also requires stations to offer diverse programming that reflects the needs and interests of the community, including:. music by new and local talent;. music not generally broadcast by commercial stations;. spoken word programming; and.

local information. The CRTC maintains a list of community stations. In Canada, and are regulated by ’s Spectrum Management. The CRTC classifies community radio stations as one of two types, with slightly different regulatory requirements. Most stations are classified as 'Type B'; however, a community radio station which operates as the sole local media service serving its community — such as an English language community radio station in Quebec, a radio station or a community radio station in a small town with no other local radio stations at all — is classified as 'Type A', granting it a more flexible set of regulatory and license requirements to accommodate the wider range of community programming interests that such a station needs to serve.

Ecuador In Ecuador, many community radio stations are operated by religious groups and include, and stations. The amount of community participation and self-management varies. Radio Latacunga was associated with a project in which indigenous organizations were supplied with simple equipment to record weekly programs for broadcast in the early morning. Some indigenous groups operate their own radio stations; these include the Shuar Federation in the, and the community of Simiatug in. Unlike in Bolivia, trade-union radio has historically not been influential in Ecuador. Ethiopia Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT), Federal Republic of and, New Delhi, India signed an agreement on 30 June 2014 for establishing seven Community Radio Stations at, Dilo (Borana), Adola Rede (Guji), Chewaka (Illubabor Zone Illubabor), Semera, Ari Woreda (Debub Omo) and (in Gamo Gofa zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and People Region), Ethiopia to serve as an avenue for the free flow of beneficial information aimed at uplifting the plight of the various sectors of the community. The stations were planned to open up possibilities for everyone, especially regular citizens, to express themselves socially, culturally, politically and spiritually, thus preparing each and every member of the community to participate in decision-making., with an active support of different agencies of and in Ethiopia and especially HE Mr.

Sanjay Verma, Ambassador and Mr. Vijay Kumar, Dr. Hari Om Srivastava and MCIT, Ethiopia was able to complete the job and hand over all the Community Radio Stations to MCIT in September 2015. India In the campaign to legitimise community radio began in the mid-1990s, soon after the ruled in its judgment of February 1995 that 'airwaves are public property'. The judgment inspired several free speech advocates, academics and community members across the country to being a concerted campaign to legitimize community radio in India. In 1996, a based media advocacy group called VOICES organized a gathering of community radio stakeholders.

A declaration calling for the establishment of a third tier of broadcasting, i.e., community broadcasting, was signed. A suggestion that AIR's local stations should allocate regular airtime for community broadcasting was put forward. Requests were also made for grant of licences to NGOs and other non-profit making groups for running community radio stations.

Subsequently, UNESCO made available a portable production and transmission 'briefcase radio station' kit to VOICES to do experimental broadcasts of programmes for a hands-on learning experience towards the objective of setting up an independently-run community radio station. A sponsored workshop, hosted by an Andhra Pradesh NGO, Deccan Development Society (DDS) from July 17–20, 2000 in Hyderabad issued the 'Pastapur Initiative' on community radio that urged the government to take its intentions of freeing broadcasting from state monopoly to its logical conclusion, by making media space available not only to private players but also to communities. This landmark document urged the government to create a three-tier structure of broadcasting in India by adding non-profit community radio to the already existing state-owned public radio and private commercial radio. Simultaneously, several initiatives had already started working on community radio in terms of production and dissemination of participatory programming. In South India, worked with Dalit women's collectives to start Sangam Radio, the programmes for which were made by the community, but were 'narrowcast', i.e. Played back to the community over cassette players at group meetings.

Another landmark initiative was jointly set up by VOICES and - called Namma Dhwani (Our Voices), where programmes were produced by communities in and around the village of (about 100 kilometers from Bangalore), and were distributed over the nearest All India Radio station and subsequently over the local cable network. In the west, Kutch Mahila Vikas Sanghatan, a civil society group in Gujarat worked with the women in to produce programmes on local developmental and cultural issues, and started broadcasting on the nearest All India Radio Station.

In the northern part, made programmes with community members in block of, and broadcast programmes over the Daltonganj Station. Community Groups in, and, both in started producing participatory programmes and broadcast over the World Space Satellite Radio network. By early 2003, the government of India released the first set of community radio guidelines drafted by Dr.

Hari Om Srivastava and also the technology to be used, but unfortunately, restricted eligibility to educational institutions only. Marginalized and voiceless communities continued to remain outside the ambit of the then released community radio policy guidelines. Anna FM was India's first campus 'community' radio station. And, as per the latest Community Radio Policy Guidelines (2006), Anna FM falls well within the definition of Community Radio.

Launched on 1 February 2004, it is run by the Education and Multimedia Research Centre (EM²RC). Programmes are produced by students as well as community. Anna university station was launched on 1 February 2004.

Commonwealth of learning and UNESCO sponsored an international meet on community radio at Anna university in December 2004. All the applicants to CR in India as well as representatives from 13 countries attended. Government of India studied the working of this station along with the change of ruling party in India Several of the lessons learnt at Anna CR were incorporated in the Policy document in 2006.

Practitioners and community radio advocates continued to push the government towards expanding the mandate of the community radio sector to include communities living in rural, remote and hilly areas of the country. On 16 November 2006, the government of India implemented new Community Radio Guidelines, which permit, educational institutions and agricultural institutions to own and operate community radio stations. By 30 November 2008, there were 38 operational community radio stations in the country. Of these, two are run by NGOs and the rest by educational institutions.

The first community-based radio station licensed to an NGO (as distinct from campus-based radio) was launched on 15 October 2008, when Sangham Radio, licensed to Deccan Development Society, in Pastapur village, Medak district, state went on the air at 11:00 am. Therefore, Sangham Radio, based on the policy guidelines, is second community radio station of India.

Sangham Radio, which broadcasts on 90.4 MHz, is licensed to the Deccan Development Society (DDS) (an NGO which works with women's groups in approximately 75 villages in Andhra Pradesh). The community radio station is managed by 'General' Narsamma and Algole Narsamma. Under the 2006 community radio policy, any not-for-profit 'legal entity'—except individuals, political parties (and their affiliates), criminal and banned organizations—can apply for a CR license. The licence entitles them to operate a 100-watt (Effective Radiated Power) radio station, with a coverage area of approximately a 12-km radius. A maximum antenna height of 30 meters is allowed. Community radio stations are expected to produce at least 50 percent of their programmes locally, as much as possible in the local language or dialect.

The stress is on developmental programming, although there is no explicit ban on entertainment. News programmes are banned on community radio in India (as they are on commercial FM radio). However, the government has clarified that certain categories of news are permitted on radio, including sports news and commentaries, information on traffic and weather conditions, coverage of cultural events and festivals, information on academic events, public announcements pertaining to utilities such as electricity and the water supply, disaster warnings and health alerts. Five minutes of advertising per hour is allowed on community radio.

Sponsored programs are not allowed, except when the program is sponsored by the government at the local or state level. In a given license area, the Wireless Planning and Coordination (WPC) wing of the MoCIT reserves only three frequencies for community radio. This reservation is informally done and the WPC does not have any official communication or guidelines with respect to spectrum allocation for community radio in the FM band. The WPC follows a channel separation of 800 kHz in India. This means that if a radio station is allotted 90.4 MHz in a given license area, then the next available frequency is 91.2 MHz. Further, once a radio station is allotted a frequency by the WPC, that particular frequency is blocked for a radius of 100 kilometers.

Activists and community workers from across the country have banded together under the aegis of the Community Radio Forum of India to coordinate training and support for community radio stations, and to work for a more proactive community radio policy. The Community Radio Forum, India, was registered as a Society and Trust on 26 February 2008. Members from the Community Radio Forum participate in screening committee meetings to screen potential applicants, and the organization is also recognized as a national level self-regulatory body in the Draft Broadcast Bill as published by the Government of India. By 1 July 2010, the announced that 715 applications for CR licenses had been received, including 104 under the old campus-radio guidelines.

231 Letters of Intent were issued (including 63 under the old guidelines). Grant of Permission Agreements were signed with 102 applicants, and 68 community radio stations were on the air. 107 applications were rejected, and 377 applications were being processed. By 1 February 2012, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting had received a total of 991 community radio licence applications. Grant of Permission Agreements had been signed with 161 applicants and 126 community radio stations were on air. From April 1, 2012, the Ministry of Communications and IT has hiked the spectrum fees to Rs. 91,000 - a fivefold increase from the previous annual fee of Rs.

This move provoked widespread protest from functional community radio stations, advocacy bodies like Community Radio Forum and Community Radio Association of India, and even the Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcast has gone on record to say that his Ministry's views were not sought before the decision was taken. He also expressed concern that many organizations would find it impossible to pay the increased spectrum royalty charges.

The Community Radio Forum has already boycotted one policy consultation held by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, on 9th and 10 May. Several community radio stations also observed a 'Day of Silence' on 9 May, where the spectrum fee hike was announced, protest songs were broadcast, community views were invited, and transmission was switched off for the rest of the day.

After pressure from various stakeholders, the Ministry for Information and Communication Technology (MoCIT) announced that the spectrum fee and royalty charges would be rolled back to annual fee of Rs. The spectrum fee was Rs. 19,700 annually, till September 2013, at which time the Ministry was to re-examine the matter. According to the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India, the status on 25 April 2013 of Community Radio in India was:. No. Of applications received so far, from 2004 to 05 Feb 2013 (including 104 under 2002 CR Guidelines): 1200.

Letters of Intent (LOI) issued: 428. Grant of Permission of Agreement(GOPA) signed: 191. Operational Community Radio Stations: 148. Number of applications rejected: 545. Applications under process: 227 The complete list of operational community radio stations in India is on the website of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Additionally, Jose Jacob, of the in has also published a of available stations.

To see details and descriptions on each of the individual operational community radio stations, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting prepares a compendium on Community radio, which is also available and on their website. Community Radio and Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia (CEMCA): from 2007 onwards, with CEMCA being the implementing agency and DR R Sreedher as its director, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India organized more than 40 awareness workshops throughout the country to create an atmosphere for getting more organisations to apply for a license for CR. By June 2012, the government had received more than one thousand applications and 400 of them got the Letters of intent LOI. While the initial phase saw more stations in educational campuses an analysis of the 400 LOIs brings out the fact that two thirds of the LOIs have gone to civil society organisations.

They find it difficult to launch the station, due to lack of funds, training, human resources and the difficulty in getting the frequency cleared by the WPC wing of the Ministry of Telecommunications. In July 2014, announced a scheme to support community radio stations and allocated ₹100 for this purpose. Community Radio Association Community Radio Association was formed soon after the first Sammelan of CR stations in 2011 in Delhi. 58 stations expressed their interest in April 2011 for the formation of an association, wherein people working on the ground, can represent their communities and bring the voices of the voiceless to the fore.

A paper was prepared and circulated among operational stations and a consensus on the role of the association, its structure, objectives etc. Were arrived at. A society was registered in Delhi in July 2011, under the Societies Registration Act. The salient features of the CRA are:. Only representatives of functional CR stations are its voting members. It has been registered as an All India Body with 12 members from nine different states signing the MOA. CRA works in a decentralized manner with Zonal and State Chapters.

Each Chapter is empowered to organize workshops, events in line with CRA’s objectives. Even though CRA is only two years old its contribution and the role of its members in building an environment in favour of community Radio has been substantive.

CRA has been organizing events/workshops and has been sharing the experiences of its members across the globe. Some of its members have been representing the movement in international forums and reiterating the power of the Community radio.

They have been supporting the growth of this movement in countries of both Europe and Africa. Since CRA is a member based organisation, all its members have been running community radio stations, in diverse regions and dialects, together they bring to the table a mine of resources and experience. The strength of CRA is its network of experienced radio practitioners, who manifest the mandate of the Community Radio. This organisation is a true reflection of India’s diversity, the multitude of languages and dialects, the varied topography and history. It is the only network in this sector, which is totally democratic and allows space for dissent, as there is nothing homogeneous about any community.

If we try to total up the experience of each member radio station- which are now 92 in all, then it would amount to a huge figure. The reach of this radio station together is to over 4 million people. In 2013, CRA has organized two zonal workshops – South and West Zones and three state level experience sharing meets- Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala. There have been workshops and meetings in all the zones, wherein members have come together and shared their challenges and achievements. With a mission to promote, encourage, support and facilitate all functional and desirous Community Radio Stations in India and abroad, CRA has already hosted seven workshops for the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The seven Community Radio Awareness workshops were held at Dibrugarh, Ooty, Goa, Faridabad, Bhubaneswar, Kochi and Jaipur.

The participation of the desirous Community Radio Operators was tremendous. The quality and content of the workshops was well thought out, and inspiring. Over 90 percent of the participants gave Letters of Intent on the last day. CRA led the entire campaign against the rise in the Licenese fee.

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Members of the organisation met with the Minister, Mr Kapil Sibbal, personally and handed over the petition that was signed by all its members. CRA worked closely with CRF on this issue, and also organised a meeting with the then Minister of Information and Broadcasting, Ms Ambika Soni, who took up the issue of the hike in fees with the concerned department.

Besides this:. Members of CRA, have been part of the working paper on the Community Radio Support Fund, and contributed extensively to the process. CRA members are part of the screening committee for new stations. CRA Members are also part of the Technical committee for Community Radio Support Scheme (CRSS) and their suggestions and inputs have been considered valuable.

CRA members were also the pioneers in developing a proposal for the incorporation of a Community Radio Peer Review to strengthen and support the operations of already existing community radio stations through cross learning and sharing. CRA member are also involved in the CR Policy review discussions. Individual members of CRA have worked in various capacities as facilitators, mentors, trainers for other organizations involved in the CR space namely, CEMCA, Ministry of Science and Technology, UNESCO. CRA is working on different training modules for capacity building in CR and disaster management, sustainability, knowledge sharing, mobilizing communities for health care, collaboration on non-formal learning and education programmes. Main article: The best-known community radio network in the Philippines is Radyo Natin (Our Radio).

Its stations nationwide broadcast a live Manila feed via satellite; sometimes stations air local programming, cutting the Manila feed. It is considered a community network, because local programs air on different RN stations. Radyo Natin is owned by the. Radyo Natin is the largest network of community radio stations in the Philippines, counting over 150 small FM stations throughout the archipelago from Batanes in the north to Tawi-Tawi in the south. RN stations are owned and operated by franchise holders, who are public-service-oriented communicators in their own right.

With audio streaming, it is possible for the national feed to reach listeners all over the world via the internet; it is hoped that in the near future (as of 2011 ), the franchise stations will also be heard worldwide. Radyo Natin is able to reach audiences which have never been reached before by radio. Although Radyo Natin is found in the FM band, in the mornings it affiliates with Manila Broadcasting Company’s flagship station, DZRH, for national news programming. During the afternoons, Radyo Natin features popular music. With its studios at the MBC Building in the Star City Complex in Pasay, Radyo Natin sends its signals to its stations by satellite.

These stations, in turn, rebroadcast its signals locally. These individual Radyo Natin stations can, however, 'unhook' from the Manila central studios and air events in their own areas at specified times; thus, Radyo Natin is nationwide in coverage but local in nature. In 2005 a show-cause order containing a cease-and-desist directive from the commissioner of the National Telecommunications Commission was issued to Radyo Natin, forcing the closure of all stations.

In the order against Manila Broadcasting Company, NTC Commissioner Ronald Olivar Solis said that the company is 'operating a low power FM station as a commercial broadcasting station without the necessary authority from the Commission.' Nepal Nepal adopted community radio in 1997 when ( Sagarmatha is the Nepalese name for 'Mount Everest'), broadcasting on 102.4 MHz, became the first independent public-interest broadcaster in South Asia. It was established by the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists (NEFEJ) in May of that year. Radio Sagarmatha is in the front lines of the fights for freedom of expression and the right to information of Nepalese citizens.

As of 2011, there are more than 150 community radio stations which have been licensed by the Nepalese government. In Nepal, there are no separate policies or laws for community radio. The existing policy and applies to both community and commercial radio stations. Community radio stations have been petitioning the government to introduce different policy and law for community radio stations, whose mottoes are social change and social justice. They have played a role in restoring democracy and changing Nepal to a republic from a monarchy.

The rule of law, gender equality, education, health, civics, anti-corruption initiatives, good governance, the environment and day-to-day problems and issues are examined in a different format by the local community radio stations. Community radio enjoys good coverage throughout Nepal, and news is one of its most popular formats. Its first Radio Producer/presenter was Mr. Ghamaraj Luitel, who served Radio Sagarmatha holding different positions in programme and top management for nearly one and half decade. He made Radio Sagarmatha very popular through unique radio programmes among its listeners during his 15 years service and left it after playing vital role to develop it as Station Manager for four years.

Luitel lead Radio Sagarmatha during the 's coup to save independent radio movement playing role as central spokesperson after February 1, 2005. Radio Sagarmatha's history is interwoven with the gradual loosening of government control over the airwaves in Nepal. From the time of the new constitution in November 1990, the drive to put the station on the air was instrumental in bringing about a new communications environment and a new awareness of the importance and need for independent, public-interest broadcasting.

Mass media in Nepal face barriers; the geography of the country is ill-suited to either mass-circulation print media or coverage by electronic media. Access to newspapers, radio, television and education is limited by poverty; Nepal has a low literacy level, particularly in rural areas and among women. Both print and electronic media are concentrated in urban centers like Kathmandu and are thought to have limited relevance for rural people. In 1990, Nepal changed from a monarchical non-party system to a parliamentary model. A new constitution enshrined the right to freedom of expression (specifically, the right of every citizen to demand and receive information on any matter of public importance).

The expression of basic communication rights in the constitution was followed by more focused policy and practical guidelines: in 1992, a National Communications Policy; in 1993, a National Broadcasting Act and in 1995, broadcast regulations. Before 1994 radio broadcasting was the exclusive domain of, the state broadcaster established during the early 1950s. Even after 1990, state governments were slow in relinquishing monopoly control of radio broadcasting. The first independent license was granted in 1997, four-and-a-half years after the initial application. The battle for this license was long, hard-fought and significant. The main obstacles were an unstable political environment, conservative politicians and bureaucrats disinclined to change and the monolithic presence of Radio Nepal.

Between October 1992 (when the application was registered) and May 1997 (when the license was granted), Nepal had four different governments, four ministers and four secretaries of communication. Waged primarily by journalists committed to the cause of free expression and public-interest broadcasting, the fight involved figures of national prominence, professional associations, NGOs, the print media, foreign embassies, UN organizations, and INGOs. From the outset the main organization vehicle for Radio Sagarmatha (for both the campaign to get a license and to establish a radio station) has been the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists, a non-governmental organization and association of journalists. Key international supporters during the establishment phase were UNESCO and DANIDA.

NEFEJ is the current license-holder of Radio Sagarmatha, although the station was officially a joint effort and partnership with three other media-based NGOs: the Himal Association, Worldview Nepal and the Nepal Press Institute. The station was headed by a seven-member board of directors, constituted by NEFEJ.

Through NEFEJ bylaws, the board had representation from all four partner NGOs and met monthly to review and plan activities, set policy and provide direction for the station. In April 1999, Radio Sagarmatha operated with the following staff: a station manager, six full-time producers, two technicians, a music librarian, an engineer, an accountant and an assistant. The station also benefited from the contributions and experience of international supporters. Volunteers are an important part of Radio Sagarmatha's programming and operation. The station's programming has given many people the opportunity to have their voices and opinions heard in a public forum. On a daily basis, the station takes listeners into everyday life.

The variety of voices and sounds (and its less-than-state-of-the-art equipment) gives the station a different tone from other broadcasters in the region: one of real life, as lived and programmed by real people. Interviewees and those profiled on the station come from a variety of backgrounds and occupations. Radio Sagarmatha works to present listeners with 'a human package': a combination of issues and entertainment, social discussions and music, and a conduit for the variety of voices and opinion previously unheard on Nepal's radio channels.

In its programming, the station's difference from the state broadcaster and the growing number of Western-style commercial stations is most evident. Public-affairs journalism and broadcasting are at the heart of Radio Sagarmatha's mission and vision for a more responsible press and a more pluralistic society. With a long tradition of folk media and a rich musical heritage, cultural programming is also prominent in the station's six-hour daily broadcast. Other aspects of programming include an initiative named 'Safa Radio: The Clean Air Campaign' in which the station works with the Nepal Environmental Scientific Society to measure air pollution in Kathmandu and broadcasts information about the capital's air quality. Though prohibited at first from broadcasting news, the station airs summaries of daily news stories in a format mixed with music and broadcasts daily community-news programs. Community access is an important part of programming. There is a daily feature, It's My Turn Now (in which individuals from the community voice their opinions), segments, listeners' letters and feedback recorded by telephone.

In late 1998, Radio Sagarmatha formed a partnership with the BBC World Service; 30 minutes of the BBC Nepali service and 30 minutes of world news in English are heard in, respectively, the evening and morning programme blocks. New Zealand. Main article: The Association of Community Access Broadcasters (ACAB) is a group of 11 community radio stations. The stations, established between 1981 and 2000 and receiving government funding since 1989, broadcast community programming and provide facilities, training and on-air time for individuals and community groups to produce the programming.

The ACAB group is a core component of 's Community Broadcasting Strategy. A government funding pool of approximately $2 million is allocated annually for the 11 stations to produce programming for women, youth, children, ethnic and other minorities and people with disabilities in accordance with section 36(c) of the Broadcast Act. Individual station funding is allocated on a four-tier system based on audience reach, with each station receiving between $110,000 and $220,000. In return for government funding, ACAB stations have an individual and collective mandate to broadcast programmes for people of a wide range of particular religions, cultures, languages, ages and sexualities. Stations operate independently and locally, making decisions on programming and scheduling by consensus.

South Africa. Main article: Shortly after the end of World War II, the country's repressive state policies gave the SABC (South African Broadcasting Corporation) an effective monopoly.

For nearly half a century it was the only broadcaster permitted to operate, and faced no independent radio competition on South African territory until the early 1990s' transition to democracy. The first legally permitted, non-SABC broadcast was that of 1991's 'Festival Radio' from the campus radio studios at Rhodes University in Grahamstown. An Independent Broadcast Authority was created to oversee the opening of the country's airwaves, with small community radio stations being permitted to broadcast for the first time. Applications were discussed in open session, to ensure transparency and accountability. Notable early community broadcasters included Bush Radio in Cape Town and Radio Unitra in Umtata. The Independent Communications Authority (ICASA) now regulates (as of 2011 ) the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors.

Solomon Islands The have a number of community FM radio stations established under a in. In March–June 2009 these were used to strengthen women and youth networking under a peace-building project of the. The stations are linked to rural email stations of the. The Technical School has also assisted the Tetere community in operating a radio station near, and the established a Community Media Centre to expand local capacity.

Soweto has only 1 Community Radio Station called Jozi Fm 105.80 Fm. It first went on air in 1995 as Bua Community Station and it was later named Jozi Fm. It is now led by Mr Mpho Mhlongo who is a former presenter and one of the founders of the station. South Korea The South Korean government licensed several low-power community radio stations in 2005.

Maximum power is one watt, which covers 5 km. Main article: In the UK, the idea of community-based services can be traced back at least as far as the original concept for local radio in the early 1960s. Thereafter, various land-based unlicensed stations (such as East London Radio and Radio AMY: Alternative Media for You) developed the idea further. As pirate stations proliferated during the late 1970s and early 1980s, these stations were joined by those broadcasting specifically to minority immigrant communities (such as the and communities, particularly in cities such as, and ). Although 'community radio' remains synonymous with 'pirate radio' for some people in the UK, most minority immigrant stations focused purely on specific musical genres and were operated (theoretically at least) on a for-profit basis.

Community radio services in the UK are operated on a not-for-profit basis, with community ownership and control built into their structure. Community radio stations were in operation on cable systems from 1978 onwards; mostly situated in areas, they were operated by volunteers. Notable stations included Radio (later RTM Radio) in southeast London, one of the first stations in the, which began on the Rediffusion cable system in the southeast London area in 1978.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the newly formed Radio Authority awarded licences (termed ' by the outgoing Independent Broadcasting Authority) to a number of new, ex-pirate and cable-based community ventures. The old breed of community radio stations could raise funds by selling airtime and by receiving donations or grants. Following an experiment by the former UK broadcast regulator Radio Authority, since 2005 some 200 such stations have been licensed by broadcasting regulator. Most community radio stations in the are on, typically at a power of 25 watts. FM community radio stations include, and founded as WHCR in 2007 and based in, East Riding of Yorkshire. A few community radio station also operate on AM , particularly in rural areas, and some community radio stations operate online, like, the UK's only radio station broadcasting from a, in the,. United States In the U.S., community radio stations are, community-based operations licensed by the.

These stations differ from other outlets in the U.S. By allowing community to actively participate as. In the, community radio stations generally have smaller budgets than (NPR) network outlets, due to the smaller audiences attracted by their diversified programming and in turn, the small number of potential contributors and business supporters.

Community stations are distinct from stations in that most community-radio programming is locally produced by non-professional disc jockeys and producers, whereas traditional public stations rely on programming from NPR and other outlets such as ). However, some community stations, such as in Colorado and in Pennsylvania, carry NPR in addition to their volunteer-based local origination programming. Parade at the launch of, Valley Free Radio, in in August 2005 Many community stations are licensed as full-power FM stations, while others, particularly those founded after 2005, are licensed under rules. Many of the former were founded in the 1960s and 1970s when cultural experimentation (such as the ) in the U.S. Had a significant following, while others were influenced by the philosophy of radio activist.

Community radio stations are usually overseen by non-profit organizations, which are led boards of directors and often include paid staff for managing business operations and coordinating volunteers. Community radio programming involving volunteers is also offered as part of student-run stations at colleges, universities and in some cases, high schools. The was formed in 1975 as a membership organization for community radio stations. NFCB publishes handbooks for stations, hosts an annual conference and lobbies on behalf of community radio at the federal level. It was criticized in the 1990s for perceptions it advocated homogenization of programming. The organization has changed leadership since this period. The is a loose network of stations which formed as a reaction against increasing of public radio and lack of support for volunteer-based stations.

UNESCO is a strong supporter of community radio and works to increase the viability of local radio stations around the world. In 2001, the Media Development and Society Section produced the “Community Radio Handbook” to share best practices collected through the Organization’s involvement in the sector. This handbook specifically gives recommendations to radio station personnel in how to engage listeners in democratic debate as a means to forward community development.

The Organization has also supported community radio through the direct training of radio station staff. The “Empowering Local Radio with ICTs” project strengthened the reporting capacities of 59 local radio stations from 2012 to 2018. This UNESCO project was implemented in 10 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, including, the, South Africa,. Workshops focused on improving the quality of broadcasts, building widespread correspondent networks and promoting sustainability. Gender sensitivity training was another important aspect of the project, with many of the best stories pertaining to gender issues being amalgamated in the “On air with rural women” exhibition, opening the celebrations for 2018 and being showcased at the 2018 European Development Days. See also.

Australian Communications and Media Authority. Archived from (PDF) on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2013. Forde, Susan; Meadows, Michael; Foxwell, Kerrie.

Community Broadcasting Association of Australia. Archived from (pdf) on 12 October 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007. Spurgeon, Christina L; McCarthy, Joanna (February 2005). Journal of Community, Citizen's and Third Sector Media and Communication.

1 (1): 1–13. Community Broadcasting Association of Australia. Retrieved 5 May 2012. 2013-05-09 at the. 2013-04-13 at the. List of UN-ECOSOC organizations, p. Archived from on 2016-11-15.

Retrieved 2016-11-27. Archived from on 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2011-03-28.

Schaay, Michiel (September 1980). Retrieved 27 March 2018. (CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (2010-07-22). Retrieved 27 March 2018. 2007-11-16 at the. Sector, Government of Canada, Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Office of the Deputy Minister, Spectrum and Telecommunications (2012-08-16).

Retrieved 27 March 2018. Melimopoulos, Elizabeth. Retrieved 2018-02-14. Retrieved 27 March 2018. Dhar, Aarti (12 May 2012). Retrieved 27 March 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.

Retrieved 27 March 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Al-Balad radio.

Retrieved August 6, 2015. Archived from (PDF) on 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2010-06-06.

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Retrieved 27 March 2018. Archived from on 3 March 2016. Bangkok Post.

Post Publishing. Bryson, Gary; Trevithick, Neil (2 March 2011). Australia: ABC. Retrieved 2 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.

Windmill Broadcasting. Retrieved 27 March 2018. Jankowski, Nicholas W.; Prehn, Ole, eds.

Community Media in the Information Age: Perspectives and Prospects. Retrieved 2009-02-15., Rebels on the Air: An Alternative History of Radio in America (New York University Press, 2001), pp.147-149. UNESCO 2001. Retrieved 2018-07-30. UNESCO. Retrieved 2018-07-30.

UNESCO. Retrieved 2018-07-30 Further reading. Bekken, Jon. In Sakolsky, Ron and S. Dunifer (eds.) Seizing the Airwaves: A Free Radio Handbook.

Girard, Bruce (ed). UNESCO.

Smith, Mike UK Radio, A Brief History. Handbook for Good Governance and Development of Community Radio, Bangladesh. Ministry of Information, People's Republic of Bangladesh. Ministry of Information, People's Republic of Bangladesh.

BNNRC Bangladesh External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. (AMARC)— (in English), (in French), (in Spanish). at.

from Internews Network. (BNNRC).